Denver, Colorado

• Stay calm. It is not a good idea to run. Speak carefully and clearly. Anything you say can be used against you in a court of law.
  See e.g., Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966); C.R.S. § 18-8-102; C.R.S. § 18-8-103
• It is not a good idea to touch the officers. Keep your hands where the police can see them.
• It is not a good idea to resist (i.e., fight or argue), even if you're innocent or think the police are acting unfairly or unlawfully.

See e.g., C.R.S. § 18-8-102; C.R.S. § 18-8-103; C.R.S. § 18-8-104

a. Can the police arrest you for refusing to answer questions?

ANSWER:

No, you are not required to speak with police. You have the right to remain silent. See e.g., 5^th Amendment; Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1, pg. 1 (1964)

It should be noted that you must identify yourself (your name, address, ID, and what you’re doing) to a law enforcement officer if asked. You risk arrest if you fail to identify yourself in a situation where the police reasonably believes that you are involved in criminal activity or if they believe that you are a threat to public safety. However, you can tell the officer you wish to exercise your right to remain silent under the 5^th Amendment. See e.g., Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, Humboldt City, 542 U.S. 177, pg. 1 (2004); C.R.S. § 16-3-103

The same applies if you are driving and you are pulled over for a traffic violation. In this case, the officer can require you to show your driver’s license, vehicle registration, and proof of insurance as well. See e.g., C.R.S. § 42-2-115; C.R.S. § 42-4-1409(a)

b. What if the officers do not identify themselves?

ANSWER:

Colorado police officers must identify themselves if you have been stopped or detained. You can ask if they are police and to show their business cards (badges). See e.g., C.R.S. § 24-31-309(4)(a)

c. What if an officer just begins speaking to me but does not order me to do anything?

ANSWER:

You are not required to speak with the police. If an officer begins speaking to you, you do not need to respond. You have the right to remain silent. See e.g., 5^th Amendment; Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1, pg. 1 (1964)

d. What if the officer is not in uniform or identified as an officer but I think it is one?

ANSWER:

Colorado police officers must identify themselves if you have been stopped or detained. You can ask if they are police and to show their business cards (badges). See e.g., C.R.S. § 24-31-309(4)(a)

e. Can I tell the police I do not want to speak without a lawyer?

ANSWER:

Yes, you have the right to have a lawyer present during questioning, and one can be provided to you if you can’t afford one. Any information you talk with your lawyer about will be kept private by your lawyer. See e.g., 6^th Amendment; Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963); C.R.S. § 16-3-403

In addition, you are not required to speak with police. You have the right to remain silent. See e.g., 5^th Amendment; Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1, pg. 1 (1964)

If the police start questioning you without telling you your rights upon arrest (known as a Miranda Warning), then they can’t use anything you say as direct evidence against you in court. See e.g., Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966); C.R.S. § 16-3-401(1)

f. If I sit down, am I resisting?

ANSWER:

Yes. You cannot sit down to avoid arrest or prevent the officer from doing his job in any way. The officer may view this as passively refusing arrest, thereby obstructing governmental operations. See e.g., C.R.S. § 18-8-102; C.R.S. § 18-8-103

g. If I am stopped in a group, and some kids run, can I run?

ANSWER:

No, you cannot run from the officer if you think you are about to be arrested, even if others in your group run. Even if you are not being arrested, running from law enforcement is a bad idea. Doing so could give the officer the belief that you have been, are, or will be involved in criminal activity. See e.g., C.R.S. § 18-8-102; C.R.S. § 18-8-103; C.R.S. § 16-3-102

h. Can I tell others (siblings, for example) to run?

ANSWER:

No, you cannot tell someone else to run from the police. This may be viewed as interfering with an arrest. In addition, doing so could give the officer the belief that you have been, are, or will be involved in criminal activity. See e.g., C.R.S. § 18-8-102; C.R.S. § 18-8-105; C.R.S. § 16-3-102

i. If the officer's language is not my first language, can I tell them without waiving my rights?

ANSWER:

Yes, you can tell the officer that the officer’s language is not your first language. This will not waive your rights if you tell the officer immediately after that you wish to remain silent. You are entitled to an interpreter for interactions between you and the police/court. See e.g., 5^th Amendment; Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1, pg. 1 (1964); Supreme Court of Colorado, Chief Justice Directive 06-03(II)

You also have the right to have an attorney present during questioning, and one can be provided to you if you can’t afford one. Any information you talk with your lawyer about will be kept private by your lawyer. See e.g., 6^th Amendment; Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963); C.R.S. § 16-3-403

j. If I did not do anything, can they stop me?

ANSWER:

• You have the right to say no to searches of yourself.
• You have the right to say no to searches of your car, house, or other things you own or control.
• You cannot be arrested for refusing to consent (give permission) to a search without a warrant.
• A warrant is an official document from the court that allows police to search you or your belongings without your consent.
  See e.g., 4^th Amendment; C.R.S. § 16-3-310
• Police can conduct a brief search and can continue to conduct the search. If you are under 15 years old, both you and your parent/guardian must be present in giving the officer consent for a search to be conducted. See e.g., Riley v. California, 573 U.S. 373, pg. 28 (2014); C.R.S. § 16-3-310; C.R.S. § 19-2.5-202; C.R.S. § 19-2.5-203(1-4)

a. What if a police officer wants to search my phone?

ANSWER:

In addition, officers are prohibited from conducting unreasonable searches and seizures. Unreasonable can refer to anything that is inappropriate, aggressive, over the top, or harmful to you or anyone involved. See e.g., 4^th Amendment; Colorado Constitution, Article II § 7

When related to an arrest, Colorado police must obtain your permission, a warrant from the court, or have an exigent circumstance for a search before a phone or another hand-held device can be opened and searched. See e.g., Riley v. California, 573 U.S. 373, pg. 28 (2014); C.R.S. § 16-3-305; C.R.S. § 16-3-310; C.R.S. § 16-3-311(2)(e); Operations Manual, Denver Police Department § 104.01(11)

b. What if a police officer asks me for my password to my phone?

ANSWER:

You do not have to provide your password (this includes your fingerprint or face scan) unless the police have a warrant from the court. You may refuse to hand your phone over or provide a password to it, even if you are being arrested, so long as the police do not have a warrant from the court for the search of your phone. To give your password, fingerprint, or face scan is to give your consent; you can revoke your consent at any time during the search. If you are under 15 years old, both you and your parent/guardian must be present in giving the officer consent for a search to be conducted. See e.g., Riley v. California, 573 U.S. 373, pg. 28 (2014); C.R.S. § 16-3-310; C.R.S. § 19-2.5-202; C.R.S. § 19-2.5-203(1-4)

In addition, officers are prohibited from conducting “unreasonable” searches and seizures. Unreasonable can refer to anything that is inappropriate, aggressive, over the top, or harmful to you or anyone involved. See e.g., 4^th Amendment; Colorado Constitution, Article II § 7

c. What if they tell me to give them my password or other access to my phone?

ANSWER:

You may refuse to allow access to your phone if asked. If they do not have your permission or permission from the court in the form of a search warrant, they cannot force you to give them your password or any access to your phone. See e.g., Riley v. California, 573 U.S. 373, pg. 28 (2014); C.R.S. § 16-3-310

In addition, officers are prohibited from conducting “unreasonable” searches and seizures, Unreasonable can refer to anything that is inappropriate, aggressive, over the top, or harmful to you or anyone involved. See e.g., 4^th Amendment; Colorado Constitution, Article II § 7

You cannot be forced to give any government or law enforcement official testimony (evidence) that could incriminate you in court. See e.g., 5^th Amendment; Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1, pg. 1 (1964)

NOTE: Recent rulings by federal courts have largely agreed that your password and other forms of digital access are included in the 5^th Amendment’s protections, however this has not been settled at the time of writing. See e.g., United States v. Apple MacPro Computer, 851 F.3d 238, 247 (3rd Cir. 2017); In re: Grand Jury Subpoena Duces Tecum Dated March 25, 2011 v. John Doe, 670 F.3d 1335, 1341 (11^th Cir. 2012)

d. Do I have to give them my device password if they demand it from me if I am not under arrest? What if they just ask for it?

ANSWER:

If you are not under arrest, you do not have to give the police your password. Police cannot force you to give them your password, fingerprint, or face scan to unlock your phone. You can refuse to give them this information. However, is important to note that if you do give them your phone or password, they have the right to search. You may revoke this consent at any time. See e.g., Riley v. California, 573 U.S. 373, pg. 28 (2014); C.R.S. § 16-3-310

In addition, officers are prohibited from conducting “unreasonable” searches and seizures, Unreasonable can refer to anything that is inappropriate, aggressive, over the top, or harmful to you or anyone involved. See e.g., 4^th Amendment; Colorado Constitution, Article II § 7

e. What tools can police use to search me? What technology? (Facial recognition, hidden cameras, finger print searches, etc.)

ANSWER:

Police may use any tools that are not considered “unreasonable” to search you for evidence, as officers are prohibited from conducting “unreasonable” searches and seizures, Unreasonable can refer to anything that is inappropriate, aggressive, over the top, or harmful to you or anyone involved. See e.g., 4^th Amendment; Colorado Constitution, Article II § 7

Police can, with a warrant, reasonable belief, or upon arrest, take fingerprints of you and cross check them against a database. See e.g., Davis v. Mississippi, 394 U.S. 721, 727 (1969); Operations Manual, Denver Police Department § 119.05(2)

The Denver Police Department is advised to record all public interactions using body cameras. Police may also use hidden surveillance cameras in certain locations around cities, particularly in intersections. See e.g., Operations Manual, Denver Police Department § 119.01(2) & 119.04(3)(a)

NOTE: As of August 2022, The U.S. Supreme Court has yet to decide whether the 4^th Amendment prohibits the use of body and surveillance cameras. However, lower courts that have heard the case have ruled in favor of the federal government’s support of them. See e.g., United States v. Tuggle, 4 F.4^th 505 (7^th Cir. 2021); United States v. Mancari, 463 F.3d 590 (7^th Cir. 2006); Bills v. Aseltine, 958 F.2d 697 (6^th Cir. 1992); United States v. Taketa, 923 F.2d 665 (9^th Cir. 1991)

f. Can they search my backpack or other item I am carrying?

ANSWER:

The police cannot search your backpack or any other item you’re carrying without your permission or permission from the court, known as a warrant. You can withdraw your consent at any time, but until you do, the police can continue to conduct the search. If you are under 15 years old, both you and your parent/guardian must be present in giving the officer consent for a search to be conducted. See e.g., 4^th Amendment; C.R.S. § 16-3-310; C.R.S. § 19-2.5-202; C.R.S. § 19-2.5-203(1-4)

Police may pat down your clothing if they “reasonably” believe that you have a weapon, and that someone’s safety may be at risk because of that weapon. If you are under 18 years old, it is illegal to carry a weapon in public or anywhere else where you do not have permission. See e.g., Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968); C.R.S. § 18-12-108.5(1)

If you are arrested, the officer may search you and your belongings, as they have probable cause to do so. This may include your backpack if it is within arm’s reach, or you are wearing it at the time. This may also include your vehicle if it’s within your vicinity at the time of searching, or if you are driving it at the time of searching. See e.g., United States v. Robinson, 414 U.S. 218, pg. 1 (1973); Colorado Constitution, Article II § 7

g. Can they take my picture or record me?

ANSWER:

Yes. The Denver Police is advised to record all public interactions using body cameras. Police may also use hidden surveillance cameras in certain locations around cities, particularly in intersections. See e.g., Operations Manual, Denver Police Department § 119.01(2) & 119.04(3)(a)

Under Colorado law, if you are being interrogated for a serious crime (a felony), then you will be recorded by law enforcement unless you explicitly request them to not do so. See e.g., 4^th Amendment; C.R.S. § 16-3-601

NOTE: As of August 2022, The U.S. Supreme Court has yet to decide whether the 4^th Amendment prohibits the use of body and surveillance cameras. However, lower courts that have heard the case have ruled in favor of the federal government’s support of them. See e.g., United States v. Tuggle, 4 F.4^th 505 (7^th Cir. 2021); United States v. Mancari, 463 F.3d 590 (7^th Cir. 2006); Bills v. Aseltine, 958 F.2d 697 (6^th Cir. 1992); United States v. Taketa, 923 F.2d 665 (9^th Cir. 1991)

h. Can they ask me where I am going and why?

ANSWER:

Yes, police can ask where you are going and why. If you are not being detained, you can exercise your right to remain silent. Responding to these questions means that you are consenting to the officer’s requests. See e.g., 5^th Amendment; Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1, pg. 1 (1964)

It should be noted that you must identify yourself (your name, address, ID, and what you’re doing) to a law enforcement officer if asked. You risk arrest if you fail to identify yourself in a situation where the police reasonably believes that you are involved in criminal activity or if they believe that you are a threat to public safety. However, you can tell the officer you wish to exercise your right to remain silent under the 5^th Amendment. See e.g., Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, Humboldt City, 542 U.S. 177, pg. 1 (2004); C.R.S. § 16-3-103

• The police may arrest or detain you because they suspect you of committing (or having committed) a violation of the law, or if they suspect that you currently have evidence of a crime.
  See e.g., Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968); C.R.S. § 16-3-102
• Sometimes police have a warrant from the court, giving law enforcement the ability to search or arrest you, depending on what the warrant is for.
• It is a good idea to review any paper from police/warrant carefully, to ensure you understand what exactly is covered.
  See e.g., C.R.S. § 16-3-102
• If arrested, you may be charged with a felony for a more serious crime (with potential jail time of one year or more), a misdemeanor for a less serious crime (with jail time of less than one year) or a violation.
• If the police arrest you, they also have the right to search you. Anything found during this search may be used as evidence against you.
  See e.g., United States v. Robinson, 414 U.S. 218, pg. 1 (1973); Operations Manual, Denver Police Department § 104.01(11)

a. What if I did not do anything illegal, must I speak with the police and answer questions?

ANSWER:

No, you are not required to speak with police. You have the right to remain silent. See e.g., 5^th Amendment; Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1, pg. 1 (1964)

You also have the right to have an attorney present during questioning, and one can be provided to you if you can’t afford one. Any information you talk with your lawyer about will be kept private by your lawyer. See e.g., 6^th Amendment; Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963); C.R.S. § 16-3-403

It should be noted that you must identify yourself (your name, address, ID, and what you’re doing) to a law enforcement officer if asked. You risk arrest if you fail to identify yourself in a situation where the police reasonably believes that you are involved in criminal activity or if they believe that you are a threat to public safety. However, you can tell the officer you wish to exercise your right to remain silent under the 5^th Amendment. See e.g., Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, Humboldt City, 542 U.S. 177, pg. 1 (2004); C.R.S. § 16-3-103

The same applies if you are driving and you are pulled over for a traffic violation. In this case, the officer can require you to show your driver’s license, vehicle registration, and proof of insurance as well. See e.g., C.R.S. § 42-2-115; C.R.S. § 42-4-1409(a)

b. What if they tell me something they are investigating that is wrong? Must I correct them?

ANSWER:

No, you are not required to speak with police. You have the right to remain silent. However, you should correct the officer whenever the officer misunderstands anything you say, or you tell the officer something that is incorrect. Failing to do so is illegal and punishable under state law. See e.g., 5^th Amendment; C.R.S. § 18-8-111(1)(a)(III)

You also have the right to have an attorney present during questioning, and one can be provided to you if you can’t afford one. Any information you talk with your lawyer about will be kept private by your lawyer. See e.g., 6^th Amendment; Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963); C.R.S. § 16-3-403

c. What if an officer just begins speaking to me but does not order me to do anything?

ANSWER:

You are not required to speak with the police. If an officer begins speaking to you, you do not need to respond. You have the right to remain silent. See e.g., 5^th Amendment; Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1, pg. 1 (1964)

d. What is the legal difference between talking to them if they do not tell me I am under arrest, versus after they inform me that I am under arrest?

ANSWER:

• The Constitution prevents you from being searched in unreasonable circumstances.
  See e.g., 4^th Amendment; Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, IV-V
• You do have to identify yourself to the police when asked.
  See e.g., Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, Humboldt City, 542 U.S. 177, pg. 1 (2004); C.R.S. § 16-3-103
• You can refuse to consent to a search, despite what a police officer may say.
  See e.g., C.R.S. § 16-3-310

a. What is the difference between the police deciding to search me or my belongings (phone, person, backpack) and me agreeing to the search?

ANSWER:

The police cannot search your belongings without your permission or permission from the court, known as a warrant. You can withdraw your consent at any time, but until you do, the police can continue to conduct the search. If you are under 15 years old, both you and your parent/guardian must be present in giving the officer consent for a search to be conducted. See e.g., 4^th Amendment; C.R.S. § 16-3-310; C.R.S. § 19-2.5-202; C.R.S. § 19-2.5-203(1-4)

However, police can search and seize a suspicious/incriminating item if it is within plain view of the officer, or if the reason for the search is due to an emergency. See e.g., People v. McGahey, 179 Colo. 401, 500 P.2d 977 (1972); Condon v. People, 176 Colo. 212, 489 P.2d 1297 (1971)

In addition, officers are prohibited from conducting “unreasonable” searches and seizures, Unreasonable can refer to anything that is inappropriate, aggressive, over the top, or harmful to you or anyone involved. See e.g., 4^th Amendment; Arkansas Constitution, Article 2 § 15

You cannot be forced to give any government or law enforcement official testimony (evidence) that could incriminate you in court. See e.g., 5^th Amendment; Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1, pg. 1 (1964)

Police may pat down your clothing if they “reasonably” believe that you have a weapon, and that someone’s safety may be at risk because of that weapon. If you are under 18 years old, it is illegal to carry a weapon in public or anywhere else where you do not have permission. See e.g., Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968); C.R.S. § 18-12-108.5(1)

If you are arrested, the officer may search you and your belongings, as they have probable cause to do so. This may include your backpack if it is within arm’s reach, or you are wearing it at the time. This may also include your vehicle if it’s within your vicinity at the time of searching, or if you are driving it at the time of searching. See e.g., United States v. Robinson, 414 U.S. 218, pg. 1 (1973); Colorado Constitution, Article II § 7

b. What if they tell me to give them information versus them asking and me providing answers voluntarily?

ANSWER:

In either case, you are not required to speak with or provide any information to police. You have the right to remain silent. See e.g., 5^th Amendment; Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1, pg. 1 (1964)

You also have the right to have an attorney present during questioning, and one can be provided to you if you can’t afford one. Any information you talk with your lawyer about will be kept private by your lawyer. See e.g., 6^th Amendment; Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963); C.R.S. § 16-3-403

It should be noted that you must identify yourself (your name, address, ID, and what you’re doing) to a law enforcement officer if asked. You risk arrest if you fail to identify yourself in a situation where the police reasonably believes that you are involved in criminal activity or if they believe that you are a threat to public safety. However, you can tell the officer you wish to exercise your right to remain silent under the 5^th Amendment. See e.g., Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, Humboldt City, 542 U.S. 177, pg. 1 (2004); C.R.S. § 16-3-103

• No, police officers can legally arrest you without a warrant in several circumstances:
  • when the crime is committed in front of the police officers.
  • when the officer has a reason to believe that you committed a felony, regardless of if the act was done in front of them.
  • when the officer has an arrest warrant from the court.
    See e.g., C.R.S. § 16-3-102

a. If I did not do anything, can they stop me?

ANSWER:

For a police officer to stop you, they must have a reasonable suspicion that you have been, are, or will be involved in criminal activity. Whether or not there is a reasonable suspicion depends on the situation, so it can be hard to determine if police are allowed to do so. Regardless of whether the officer is allowed to stop you or not, it is a bad idea to resist. See e.g., Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968); C.R.S. § 16-3-103; C.R.S. § 18-8-103

b. What does it mean that the officer "reasonably suspects" you are doing something wrong?

ANSWER:

The police officer can make understandable assumptions that someone is breaking the law. He must be able to explain those assumptions with clear words and using things they have seen. See e.g., People v. Salazar, 964 P.2d 502 (Colo.1998)

The police officer is trained and has experiences which means they can make assumptions and informed guesses that other people probably couldn't make. See e.g., People v. Hazelhurst, 662 P.2d 1081 (Colo.1983)

The officer can also make assumptions based on where you are, how you act and knowledge of you from the past. See e.g., People v. Sutherland, 886 P.2d 681 (Colo.1994)

However, the police officer must know these things at the time they stop you, they can't use things they learned after the stop, to explain why you were originally stopped. This doesn't mean the officer can just guess, they need facts to back up the assumptions made. See e.g., People v. Coca, 829 P.2d 385 (Colo.1992)

c. Can I ask for the reason they stopped me?

ANSWER:

You are allowed to ask if you are being detained and why you are being detained. However, the officer is not required to tell you if and why you are being detained. See e.g., C.R.S. § 16-3-103

d. Can I advocate for another young person stopped by police if we are stopped together?

ANSWER:

Advocating for another young person stopped by police is risky, as you can be arrested for interfering with law enforcement in any way. See e.g., C.R.S § 18-8-102; C.R.S. § 18-8-104

However, you do have the right to observe and record what is taking place, so long as it does not interfere with law enforcement in any way. See e.g., Irizarry v. Yehia, 21 F.2d 1247, pg. 3 (10^th Cir. 2021)

e. If I think the stop is unjustified, what can I do?

ANSWER:

If you believe your rights have been violated during your interaction with law enforcement, you can file a written complaint with the Office of the Independent Monitor Commendations and Complaints Section. In addition, you are not required to speak with police or answer any questions they might ask you. See e.g., 5^th Amendment; Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1, pg. 1 (1964)

However, resisting police is never a good idea, as you can be arrested for interfering with law enforcement in any way. See e.g., C.R.S § 18-8-102; C.R.S. § 18-8-103; C.R.S. § 18-8-104

It should be noted that you must identify yourself (your name, address, ID, and what you’re doing) to a law enforcement officer if asked. You risk arrest if you fail to identify yourself in a situation where the police reasonably believes that you are involved in criminal activity or if they believe that you are a threat to public safety. However, you can tell the officer you wish to exercise your right to remain silent under the 5^th Amendment. See e.g., Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, Humboldt City, 542 U.S. 177, pg. 1 (2004); C.R.S. § 16-3-103

The same applies if you are driving and you are pulled over for a traffic violation. In this case, the officer can require you to show your driver’s license, vehicle registration, and proof of insurance as well. See e.g., C.R.S. § 42-2-115; C.R.S. § 42-4-1409(a)

f. Can I get the officer's identifying information for a future complaint?

ANSWER:

• You are likely under police custody if you do not feel free to leave an officer's presence, or if a person in your shoes would not reasonably feel free to leave.
• If the following happens, you are likely under arrest under the law:
  • an officer handcuffs you.
  • an officer forcibly holds you down.
  • an officer puts you into the back seat of a police car.
    See e.g., Operations Manual. Denver Police Department § 104.01
  • an officer warns you about your rights.
• An officer must only warn you of your rights before the police question you. This means an officer can arrest you before warning you of your rights.
• An arrest without a Miranda Warning is still a valid arrest; it just may mean that evidence collected from it is not admissible in court later.
  See e.g., Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966); Operations Manual, Denver Police Department § 104.05(3)

a. What if I do not know if I am under arrest?

ANSWER:

You can ask the officer if you are being detained, being arrested, or are free to leave. If you are being detained/arrested and are unable to leave, it is not a good idea to resist. See e.g., C.R.S. § 18-8-103; C.R.S. § 16-3-102

In either case, you are not required to speak with or provide any information to police. You have the right to remain silent. See e.g., 5^th Amendment; Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1, pg. 1 (1964)

b. What is the difference between detention and arrest?

ANSWER:

Detention refers to when law enforcement holds you under reasonable suspicion for the purposes of questioning or conducting a brief search of you and your possessions if they believe you are a threat to public safety. See e.g., C.R.S. § 16-3-103

Arrest refers to when law enforcement holds you under probable cause, meaning that the officer has evidence of or more than a reasonable belief that you have been, are, or will be involved in criminal activity. When under arrest, the officer must identify themselves and the reason for arrest. See e.g., C.R.S. § 16-3-102; Operations Manual. Denver Police Department § 104.01; People v. Bland, 884 P.2d 312 (1994)

c. If I am handcuffed, am I arrested?

ANSWER:

Not necessarily. An officer may use nondeadly force (which presumably includes handcuffs) to stop and detain a person, including a brief detention. A police officer can also put you into handcuffs if they think it's necessary for their safety, even if they don't put you under arrest. See e.g., C.R.S. § 16-3-103; People v. Oliver, 13 P.3d 305, pg. 1 (Colo. 2020)

d. If my liberty is restricted, am I under arrest?

ANSWER:

If the restriction on liberty is significant, likely yes. You are deemed to be in custody when you are deprived of your freedom of action in any significant way. See e.g., Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966)

However, your liberty can also be restricted if you are being detained by police, not arrested. This detainment can take many forms. See e.g., United States v. Hensley, 469 U.S. 221 (1985); C.R.S. § 16-3-103

For example, the officer can ask for your identity, to which you must identify yourself (your name, address, ID, and what you’re doing) if asked. You risk arrest if you fail to identify yourself in a situation where the police reasonably believes that you are involved in criminal activity or if they believe that you are a threat to public safety. However, you can tell the officer you wish to exercise your right to remain silent under the 5^th Amendment. See e.g., Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, Humboldt City, 542 U.S. 177, pg. 1 (2004); C.R.S. § 16-3-103

The same applies if you are driving and you are pulled over for a traffic violation. In this case, the officer can require you to show your driver’s license, vehicle registration, and proof of insurance as well. See e.g., C.R.S. § 42-2-115; C.R.S. § 42-4-1409(a)

• You can use your right to remain silent or any of your other rights (e.g., the right to an attorney) by saying that you want to use that right.
• You are also able to waive your rights (that is, not use them). This is not a good idea without a lawyer present.
• Make sure you know what you're doing in giving up your rights.
  See e.g., 5^th Amendment; 6^th Amendment; Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966); C.R.S. § 19-2.5-605; C.R.S. § 19-2.5-209; Operations Manual, Denver Police Department § 104.05(3)

a. How do things change if I am read my rights by police?

ANSWER:

If the police start questioning you but haven't read you your Miranda Rights (right to remain silent, right to an attorney, etc.), then they can't use anything you say as direct evidence against you in court. Only after they read you your rights can they use anything you say against you in court. See e.g., 5^th Amendment; 6^th Amendment; Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966); Operations Manual, Denver Police Department § 104.05(3)

b. Does it matter where I am when the police read me my rights? (street, station, police car, etc.)

ANSWER:

• You are not required to make a statement, answer police questions, or participate in a police investigation, and you never have to go anywhere with the police unless they have arrested you.
  See e.g., 5^th Amendment; Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1, pg. 1 (1964)
• If police have arrested you and you are under the age of 18, police are required to immediately notify your parent, caretaker, or legal guardian.
  See e.g., C.R.S. § 19-2.5-303(1)

a. Am I required to make a statement?

ANSWER:

No, you are not required to make a statement. You have the right to remain silent. See e.g., 5^th Amendment; Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1, pg. 1 (1964)

You also have the right to have an attorney present during questioning, and one can be provided to you if you can’t afford one. Any information you talk with your lawyer about will be kept private by your lawyer. See e.g., 6^th Amendment; Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963); C.R.S. § 16-3-403

b. Must police notify my guardian?

ANSWER:

If you are taken into custody, law enforcement must try to notify your parent(s) or guardian as soon as possible. Otherwise, you can still request that they do so. See e.g., C.R.S. § 19-2.5-303(1)

c. Must I confess?

ANSWER:

No, you are not required to confess to police, nor can police force you to do so. You have the right to remain silent. See e.g., 5^th Amendment; Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1, pg. 1 (1964)

You also have the right to have an attorney present during questioning, and one can be provided to you if you can’t afford one. Any information you talk with your lawyer about will be kept private by your lawyer. See e.g., 6^th Amendment; Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963); C.R.S. § 16-3-403

d. What adults can I ask to be with me?

ANSWER:

If you are taken into custody, law enforcement must try to notify your parent(s) or guardian as soon as possible. Otherwise, you can still request that they do so. See e.g., C.R.S. § 19-2.5-303(1)

You also have the right to have an attorney present, and one can be provided to you if you can’t afford one. Any information you talk with your lawyer about will be kept private by your lawyer. See e.g., 6^th Amendment; Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963); C.R.S. § 16-3-403

e. Who does police have to contact if I am a legal minor?

ANSWER:

• You should always contact a lawyer before making any statements to anyone in a criminal case or investigation. This applies even if you are told that police only want to question you and/or you are only a witness.
• While you do have to wait until you attend court to get a lawyer appointed if you cannot afford your own lawyer, you can still ask for a lawyer as soon as you are questioned or arrested by the police. If you are arrested, you have the right to remain silent and to not speak until your lawyer is present.
  See e.g., 6^th Amendment; Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963)

a. What if I am just a witness?

ANSWER:

If you are just a witness, police may still question you. To detain you as a witness, the police must identify themselves. From there, police can demand identification, to which you must identify yourself (your name, address, ID, and what you’re doing) and provide any information you have about the crime. You risk arrest if you fail to identify yourself, provide false information, or refuse to assist the officer as a witness. See e.g., Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, Humboldt City, 542 U.S. 177, pg. 1 (2004); C.R.S. § 16-3-103; C.R.S. § 18-8-102; C.R.S. § 18-8-104

However, you do have the right to remain silent, to which you should tell the officer you are exercising this right if so. See e.g., 5^th Amendment; Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1, pg. 1 (1964)

• No. The police may lie to you during an investigation. This includes lying about the strength of the case they have against you and evidence they have in their possession.
• Sometimes police will lie to try and get you to talk more.
  See e.g., United States v. Russell, 411 U.S. 423 (1973)

a. Can the police lie to me?

ANSWER:

Yes, the police can lie to you. The police cannot physically hurt you, threaten you or use drugs to try to make you confess to something or to obtain information from you. See e.g., United States v. Russell, 411 U.S. 423 (1973); Operations Manual. Denver Police Department § 104.01

b. Do I have to tell the police the truth?

ANSWER:

Yes, lying to the police could result in you being charged with a crime. You risk arrest if you provide false information to law enforcement. See e.g., C.R.S § 18-8-102; C.R.S. § 18-8-111(1)(a)(III)

However, you do have the right to remain silent, to which you should tell the officer you are exercising this right if so. See e.g., 5^th Amendment; Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1, pg. 1 (1964)

REMEDIES:

REMEDIES:

Complaints about an officer you believe has exhibited discrimination or racism can be submitted to the Office of the Independent Monitor Commendations and Complaints Section. You can also consider reaching out to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”) or the U.S. Department of Justice. Lastly, you can consider reaching out to a local attorney, who may be able to assist you with the process. See e.g., File a Complaint, Colorado Attorney General Phil Weiser

Additionally, organizations like the ACLU specialize in assisting with discrimination claims.

REMEDIES:

ANSWER:

Minors have the same rights under the law as adults during criminal detainments, arrests, and investigations. As a result, as a minor, you have the right to remain silent and the right to an attorney. See e.g., 5^th Amendment; Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1, pg. 1 (1964); 6^th Amendment; Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963); C.R.S. § 16-3-403

Your ability to afford a private lawyer is based off the financial situation of your parent(s) or guardian. If they cannot afford one, or if they are not available to you, you must be provided a lawyer by the government to represent your particular interests and context. See e.g., C.R.S. § 19-2.5-605

REMEDIES:

1. Search: An investigation or evaluation of a person, object, space, or vehicle aimed at finding evidence of criminal activity. See e.g., C.R.S. § 16-3-305; Cornell Law School
2. Consent: Permission. See e.g., Cornell Law School
3. (Search) Warrant: An official document from the court that allows police to search you or your belongings without your consent. See e.g., C.R.S. § 16-1-104(16)
4. Stop and Frisk: A type of brief search of you and your surroundings with the belief that the person is involved in criminal activity or is a threat to public safety. See e.g., Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968); C.R.S. § 16-3-103
5. Reasonable: Rational or logical in the context of a what is known in a situation. See e.g., C.R.S. § 16-3-103; Cornell Law School
6. Unreasonable: Anything that is inappropriate, aggressive, over the top, or harmful to you or anyone involved. See e.g., 4^th Amendment; Cornell Law School
7. Exigent Circumstance: A situation where the officer reasonably believes that their intervention against a person is necessary to protect public safety. See e.g., Operations Manual, Denver Police Department § 107.04(5)(f); Cornell Law School
8. Testimony: Evidence that can be used in court. See e.g., Cornell Law School
9. Right: A power or ability that you have as a person because it is outlined in a constitution, law, or ruling. See e.g., Cornell Law School
10. Exercise: To use or utilize. See e.g., FindLaw
11. Detain: To hold in custody by law enforcement under reasonable suspicion. See e.g., Cornell Law School
12. Identify (To Police): (In Colorado) To give your name, address, ID, and explanation of your actions or plans to law enforcement. See e.g., C.R.S. § 16-3-103
13. Identify (From Police): (In Colorado) When law enforcement gives their name, official jurisdiction (Denver), and shows their business card (badge). See e.g., C.R.S. § 24-31-309(4)(a)
14. Miranda Warning: A set of rights you have under the U.S. Constitution that law enforcement must tell you upon arrest. See e.g., Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966); Cornell Law School
15. Probable Cause: Having a reasonable suspicion that you are, have been, or will be directly involved in criminal activity. See e.g., Cornell Law School; C.R.S. § 16-3-102(1)(c)
16. Counsel: A lawyer, an attorney. See e.g., Cornell Law School